The AlpineInker : InkSeine, Hardware

The Microsoft Research Codex: Are Dual Screens the Future of Mobile Devices?

Ken Hinckley — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 10:17:00 GMT

Never buy one of anything. That's advice you should stand by when you're buying unusual gadgets. The advice was good when Randy Pausch offered it to me some 15 years ago, and it's still good now.

Of course, with 18 month old twin girls at home, this has become second nature to me. Two boxes of diapers. Two gallons of milk. Two Elmo plush dolls.

Oh, and yes, of course. Two screens for my tablet computer.

Dual-screen devices have become the subject of increasingly elaborate internet fantasies. Now, rumors about an Apple "Brick" device have stirred up dreams of future tablets, such as the alluring One Laptop Per Child v2.0 concept photos, which now orbit the internet once again.

My interest in dual-screen devices goes back a lot further, though, and was really spurred on by the University of Maryland dual-screen e-book reader project. That effort is led by Francois Guimbretiere, who is a long time collaborator and friend. I had some ideas to build on what his team had done, but also to take things in a different direction.

First of all, I wasn't interested in an ebook reader. I wanted a device that was all about writing. Sure, reading and writing go hand in hand - you encounter cool ideas and search out reference material on the web-but what I wanted to build was a tool for thought. To me that means a tool with writing, sketching, and annotating as the core of the experience.

I'd been thinking for a long time about picking up an OQO Model 02 computer. My team has an extensive code base for pen-and-tablet functionality resulting from InkSeine, and the OQO runs it out of the box. It's got an active digitizer for high fidelity pen input, and it's the smallest slate Tablet PC that money can buy. That's a pretty good start on a small form-factor tool for thought.

So when it came down to it, just how many of those OQO Model 02's do you think I purchased?

Project "Codex" was born.

Twice the Screen at Half the Size

Here's the Codex packed up for mobility. It folds up quite nicely and has a moleskine-style knitted elastic strap to hold it securely shut. There's a loop for the pen and a mesh pocket so you won't lose small accessories, business cards, or receipts that you collect in your travels.

Sure, it's a bit of a brick at present. The whole thing weighs just over 2 pounds. The OQO's are considerably thicker than I'd like. But my goal is to prototype the future as quickly as possible and start living it. The OQO offers a handsome, jet black time-travel machine in that regard.

Don't underestimate the ability to quickly pack up with the screens protected. Folding the Codex in half makes it comfortable to carry and easier to stuff into my gadget bag. It's a self contained kit for ultra-mobility.

The Codex is Not a Container for Dead Trees

A codex is just an archaic term for a bound book. But this Codex is unlike any book that you've ever read. It's not a long linear text that you flip through. To me, there's no use in going to all the trouble to build a dual-screen tablet prototype and write elaborate software just to mimic a traditional book. This is the 21^st century and it's about time we moved past containers for dead trees.

We have lots of information sources. We have multi-tasking. We have hyperlinks. We have split attention. We have a left brain and a right brain and we rarely do one thing at a time any more.

A Separation of Concerns

The Codex has two screens, it's designed to be used that way, and you won't find any half-apologetic demos that try to mash them back together into one big screen. Instead, it's all about the intelligent partitioning of tasks and interface elements across the screens.

Above is one example where I'm working on a blog post that I've had planned for a while. On the left I have a whole bunch of cool photos that I found tagged with moleskine on Flickr. I was browsing through these as inspiration for our InkSeine digital note-taking software. On the right I'm organizing bits and pieces from these photos along various themes. So I just take a snapshot from the collection on the left screen and it appears in my notes on the right screen, where I can arrange it and mark it up as I see fit. I can scroll back and forth on the left screen to find a photo that meets my current needs, while the page that I am authoring on the right screen always remains visible. The two screens are invaluable because I always have the reference material in the context of what I am working on, instead of feverishly flipping between them on a single screen.

Can I do this on a single large screen? Well, sure, I could monkey with the window placements and get everything arranged just so. But that takes a lot of effort and the temptation to expand windows to take over the full screen is hard to resist if I have to expend effort to do so. A dual-screen device that understands the partition between the screens gives a much simpler experience where I don't have to constantly manage the set-up of the windows.

Navigate without Losing the Big Picture

Here's another example. I'm further along with authoring my blog post now, and I have a bunch of material floating around in my notes. I create a page that is a Table of Contents, with links to several themes that I've identified in my Flickr moleskine investigations. If I open a link, such as my Creative Collage page, it opens on the opposite page. I don't even need a "back" command to return to where I was - I still have my navigational structure on the left, side-by-side with my content page on the right.

Unlike a traditional dead-tree book, I have no physical restriction that forces me to view consecutive pages - The Codex lets me follow links or flip through the screens separately to view any two pages together.

Working Big and Small

We can draw some inspiration from traditional media as well. In magazines and books, sidebars are a distinct section of a page that augments the main text with auxiliary information. Well, the Codex has sidebars on steroids. I can take any chunk of my notes, make it into a sidebar, and then arrange a bunch of these on a page. Here, I've made a storyboard page consisting of six sidebars. When I tap on a sidebar in one of the storyboard cells, it expands to full size on the opposite screen. I can plot out the broad sweep of my story on one screen, while maintaining full access to the zoomed-in details on the other.

Your Mother Was Right - Posture is Important!

Perhaps the coolest property of a dual-screen device is that the compact, mobile form-factor encourages shifting the device around. I can orient the screens with respect to one another, stand the device up, look at the screens in portrait or landscape, and so forth. In fact, the Codex supports about a dozen different configurations. We call these postures. (A colleague, Michael Miller, coined this term).

Add two cups of accelerometers, a dash of flex sensors, and bake with some simple software to fuse it all together. Out of the oven pops an intelligent dual-screen display system that configures itself depending on how you arrange it.

For example, if I want to work in landscape, I can flip the device into the laptop posture, as opposed to the book posture that I've been showing so far. Now I have one screen that's angled for easy reading, plus another screen that's horizontal for easy writing.

Or I can use the laptop posture to hook up one of my screens to a projector. I put the public part of my presentation on the top screen, while the controls to drive the presentation and my private notes are confined to the bottom screen.

Now perhaps I meet a friend in a café and I want to show him what I'm up to. I can just lift up on the binding of the Codex to angle the screens so that one is facing me and one is facing my friend (below, left). We call this the battleship posture - as in "You sank my Battleship!" Each person has one screen with a private view. The Codex automatically configures the software for shared whiteboarding so the collaborators can mark up the screens, pass notes back and forth, and other such foolishness.

Next I drop the binding back flat. Now both of us can view the screens, but one screen is oriented towards each person.

Don't Get Too Attached

Something that turned out to be surprisingly useful is that the Codex allows me to pull each screen right out of the binding. A firm pull pops it out, a firm press pops it back in. This is really handy for laying out the screens to suit my work, or to review a video while I jot down some notes. I can even hand the screen to another person to show them something - without actually giving them an electronic copy of the information.

What? You Still Have a Desktop Computer?!?

The Codex is just another wireless device so of course I can connect it to my desktop computer. Now, any screen capture that I take from my desktop screen shows up in my Codex notes right where I left off. For web pages, the snapshot comes across with a hyperlink back to the source, so I can easily revisit it later when I'm reviewing my notes on my Codex. This makes it the perfect companion no matter how I'm working.

A Parting Shot at Text Entry

The Codex is designed around doing most things with a pen, but I'm no idiot. When it comes to text entry, a keyboard is a good thing.

And that, in part, is why I'm puzzled that so many of the dual-display concept designs that I've seen take up a whole screen with a virtual keyboard. I'm sure people in focus groups ask for this. But I still think it's a really bad idea. What is the point of having two screens if you are instantly going to cover one of them with a picture of a keyboard? Your hands immediately occlude it from sight anyway. At that point I'm basically using a single screen again, so I might as well just grab my laptop to get a decent keyboard.

The Codex offers a solution for text entry that I much prefer, by virtue of the OQO Model 02's mechanical keyboard. I just slide the screen up and that reveals the keyboard when I need it. Works great. No dorky touchscreen keyboard. I still enjoy the full benefits of partitioning my work between the two screens. That's the way I like it.

When Can I Buy One?

The Codex is a prototype-- and a rather flaky, cobbled-together one at that. But it uses off-the-shelf devices, and there's nothing magical about the software. So the crass answer is that you can have one now if you are willing to spend some dollars, build yourself a custom binder, and write a little bit of code. That's how I started. My first prototype was a repurposed day-planner with Velcro holding the screens in there. Install a shared clipboard utility and you can start copying and pasting between screens. That will give you just enough of the experience that you will hunger for more.

What would you want out of a dual-screen device? What capabilities would make it most useful to you? How do you see dividing your own work between two screens?

In the meantime, the trajectory of ultra low-power "e-ink" displays bears watching. Check out the recent Plastic Logic device, for example. Right now e-ink is an abomination for anything interactive, but eventually some display technology will get where we want it to go. Low-cost, low-power screens are crucial to make dual display devices a practical consumer device, rather than a research lab curiosity.

The sheer number of concept devices that have popped up in the last 6 months suggests that dual-screen devices are poised to take off in the near future. My hope is that our research on the Codex can help in some small way to unearth the full promise of such devices. I, for one, am convinced that dual-display devices have a well-motivated role to play in a future ecosystem of mobile devices.

In my office, at least, that future is already here. It's just not evenly distributed.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following key contributors to this project:

Morgan Dixon
Raman Sarin
Francois Guimbretiere
Ravin Balakrishnan

Portrait Inking on the OQO Model 02

Ken Hinckley — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 10:19:00 GMT

The OQO Model 02 is almost the same size as my Moleskine Pocket Sketchbook. I suspect this is no accident. To illustrate the point, I scanned them side-by-side. The OQO is slightly narrower, which is necessary to make it fit in my shirt pocket given its 1" girth. By the way, don't let this scan fool you - the screen on the OQO is gorgeous. It's just really hard to scan properly. The other photos below give a better sense of what the screen really looks like.

I set up a custom cover page for my OQO in InkSeine to make it feel just like a new moley fresh out of the shrink wrap. Now I feel like writing important stuff in here.

I also scanned my pocket Moleskine to use for the inside pages. I love having this page style on the OQO - it just seems right.

I prefer inking on the OQO Model 02 in the portrait orientation. I can grip the device more comfortably in this orientation, and there is more room to plant my hand on the screen. This also keeps the touch-scrollers out from underneath my hand. I've experimented some with using the "secondary portrait" orientation, to flip those touch scrollers over to my left hand. That feels great, but since the keyboard rotate function only flips between the primary landscape and primary portrait orientations, it's inconvenient to go to the options panel and hunt for the command to flip to the secondary portrait orientation.

There's one other tip I have for working in the portrait orientation on the OQO's small screen. I was thinking about why it seemed easier to draw in my pocket Moleskine, even though it has nearly identical dimensions as the OQO. It's not so much the small screen size of the OQO, as it is the thickness.

So I slide out the keyboard, and I rest the meat of my palm on that. This feels more like resting my hand on the desk while I draw in my (thinner) pocket Moleskine. The OQO keyboard keys are fairly stiff so I never trigger them by accident while I'm doing this. Typically I do this while holding the OQO in my left hand; the photo below shows me doing this on the desk because I was out of hands to hold the camera, and no tripod was handy :-)

The keyboard is also convenient for hitting the Enter key, modifier keys, or the special OQO hardware hotkeys (such as the screen rotation, brighteness, and keyboard backlight) when the occasion demands.

That closes the book on this post. I'm sure I'll have more thoughts and ideas about using the OQO as I continue to work with it.

Related Posts:

My very first impression of the OQO Model 02

Make a faux-OQO to see if the size is right for you

The Inaugural AlpineInker Post

Ken Hinckley — Sat, 29 Dec 2007 10:20:00 GMT

I’m Ken Hinckley, a senior researcher at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, where I conduct research on new techniques and approaches to human-computer interaction. This is a longwinded way to say that I try out cool new stuff, throw it at the wall, and see if it sticks. Usually it doesn’t, but that is what makes my job fresh and fun every day.

The AlpineInker is a new forum where I will discuss developments in pen, touch, mobile devices, and anything else in my field that strikes my fancy. I’m blessed? jaded? by a researcher’s perspective, so anything I say here is personal opinion and does not represent the Microsoft corporate perspective. My thoughts and ideas should be taken with a big grain of salt, particularly if you work in a cubicle, and buy, sell, manage, or process anything as part of your daily work. But if you want to see fun stuff, are open to new ideas, and want to see some of the thinking that goes into the kind of research that I do, then this might be the place for you.

At least to start, I’ll be posting things here somewhere between every so often and when I feel like it, so subscribe to the RSS feed if you don’t want to miss anything. But when I do get around to it I plan to make substantive posts with something worth reading, rather than reporting the banal trifles of my daily life. But be forewarned, it’s likely that I won’t be able to resist occasionally posting photos of my irresistibility cute identical twin daughters (currently 11 months old), so I recommend wearing extremely dark cute-polarized sunglasses whenever visiting the site, just to be on the safe side.

My main project right now is a prototype inking application known as InkSeine. It is designed for the Tablet PC and UMPC’s (ultra-mobile PC’s). It is not a Microsoft product. That means we have free reign to try out whacky ideas without being forced into the regression-to-the-mean compromises dictated by mareting, focus groups, and the pragmatic realities of shipping a large commercial product.

The goal of the InkSeine project is to innovate the user experience for pen-operated devices. InkSeine has fantastic search functionality built-in that makes it easy to find information that you need off of your hard drive or by searching the web. This makes it really fun to quickly throw together mixed-media notes with links to files, web pages, documents, and emails, snapshots from stuff you’ve seen, and of course your notes, sketches, and annotations mixed in with all of this. It is kind of the ultimate designer’s notebook on steroids. And it is also the winner of the prestigious Third Annual Life On The Wicked Stage Ink Blot Award for the “Best Tablet PC Software That Microsoft Is Holding Hostage and Needs To Be Released Today!”

To avoid winning this award again in the future, we will be making InkSeine available as a free download from research.microsoft.com in the first quarter of 2008. Stay tuned for news and developments on that front as we make the final push to get it out the door. You’ll hear about it here first.

Got things you want me to discuss? Nifty projects I should comment on? Ideas for the coolest new things you'd like to see in future user interfaces? Well post a comment or zip me an email and I'll take a look at it.